Steam deaerator cost estimation pdf steam-system balance, even though this part of the system accounts for roughly 16% of the overall energy in the steam vapor. COST OF STEAM Knowing the correct cost of steam is very important for many reasons, and all of them have to do with improving the company’s bottom line: 1. 15 to 0. Equipment Sizing and Capital Cost Estimation 17 Aspen Icarus Process Evaluator (IPE) Extends results of process simulations Generates rigorous size estimates for processing equipment and estimates costs based upon extensive data Performs preliminary mechanical designs Estimates purchase and installation costs, indirect costs, return rate is high (>80%) and the condensate pressure is high compared to the deaerator pressure, then very little steam is needed for heating, and provisions may be made for condensing the surplus flash steam. The low-pressure steam cost is then calculated from the high-pressure steam cost as: CL = CH x (HSL – hW)/(HSH – hW) where HSL = enthalpy of low-pressure steam, Btu/lb HSH = enthalpy of high-pressure steam, Btu/lb. Using these models, you can apply SSAT to calculate the magnitude—energy, cost, and emissions savings—of potential Energy loss in deaerator energy FMEA study (status after improvements) Recovery of waste heat using a copper 6 Boiler efficiency tube heat exchanger decreases, Energy loss due Using the fresh steam produced and energy Use of flash steam to the use of in the system to separate the loss occurs from condensate 7 fresh steam in gases from the Title: Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems: Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) Steam Tip Sheet # 18 Subject: This revised ITP tip sheet on deaerators in industrial steam systems provides how-to advice for improving industrial steam systems using low-cost, proven practices and technologies. Deaerating process steps (2) Performance Venting Steam Charging Device (scd) vessel Cooling steam to saturation temperature steam distribution Feedwater storage (no heating up) comparison - Lay-out - Operation Retrofit. 1 and oil storage tanks where a large circular steel tank is filled with a viscous oil requiring heat before it can be pumped. The TIC as developed in this report includes cost escalation and interest during construction (IDC). 7 1. The thorough technical review and systematic use of vendor quotes and project design/build data to develop the cost estimates in this report are believed to provide the most up-to-date i Jun 22, 2022 · Capital cost of equipment in a steam power plant should be known for techno-economical analysis. O. , Peru, Indiana 46970 U. The data shows that at 40% load without makeup, there is no makeup water flow and all other parameters remain the same. Deaerator Steam Consumption The deaerator steam consumption is equal to the steam required to heat incoming water to its Aug 27, 2018 · The supply cost part of the direct cost is composed of the cost of the equipment installed in the power plant. /yr. It accomplishes this by reducing the concentration of dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide to a level where corrosion is minimized. Jan 1, 2018 · The water-steam cycle of the present steam power plant (see online version for colours) Energy losses of steam power plant devices (see online version for colours) +1 meets the rising steam bubbles from the flash steam in the condensate return and from the blowdown heat recovery. Even a tiny improvement in design, efficiency, operating costs, or performance goes a long way in easing the ‘‘energy crunch. It is true for the feasibility study of building a new power unit or modifying an old one. The steam supply should have a pressure-reducing valve installed in the steam line, reducing the pressure to the proper operating pressure. Compact Spray Scrubber Deaerators are ideal for smaller and medium DOE/NETL-2002/1169 Process Equipment Cost Estimation Final Report January 2002 H. A deaerator mechanically removes dissolved oxygen, therefore, less oxygen scavenging chemicals can be utilized which results in large chemical savings. This report presents generic cost curves for several equipment types generated using ICARUS Process Evaluator. 9 TPH. This paper will explain the potential cost savings associated with using a deaerator. • CO2 is produced when feedwater is raised to steaming temperature in the boiler. EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS 4. 7 TPH Fig. If the ‘From and At’ rating of the boiler plant is 10 tonne/h, determine the flowrate of steam required to heat the deaerator. steam is to generate a portion of the flash steam in a high-pressure condensate flash drum which operates at the same pressure as the lower-pressure steam header, and then generate the remainder of the flash steam in an atmospheric flash vessel. e. Deaerator Steam Consumption The deaerator steam consumption is equal to the steam required to heat incoming 1. A methodology for estimating the costs and benefits of implement-ing a proactive steam trap maintenance program is also presented along with the results of a site-specific Federal application. • CO2 is vented to atmosphere in the deaerator. Feed Water Flow Rate. The equipment cost estimating methods that will be outlined in this course are suitable for use with the first three types of estimates; definitive and detail estimates require formal, firm equipment cost quotations from equipment manufacturers and suppliers. 24 5. Steam pressure reduction should be tested to establish the critical minimum pressure at a steam load that is above average but below peak. Pressure vessel weld cracks. txt) or read online for free. Some key issues addressed include excessive dissolved oxygen or carbon dioxide in the effluent, high oxygen scavenger consumption, fluctuating operating pressure, and high or low water levels. The RPN scores of these risks should be reduced extended at little or no cost by limiting the oxygen concentration to 5 ppb. autoclave) The document contains data from a deaerator during startup and at 40% load both with and without makeup water. Most return rate is high (>80%) and the condensate pressure is high compared to the deaerator pressure, then very little steam is needed for heating, and provisions may be made for condensing the surplus flash steam. Recovery System and developed a cost estimate to evaluate the economics of the project. Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems, Energy Tips: STEAM, Steam Tip Sheet #18 (Fact Sheet), Advanced Manufacturing Office (AMO), Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) Subject A steam energy tip sheet for the Advanced Manufacturing Office \(AMO\) Unlike in a Rankine cycle system based on a conventional steam generator, where the condensate is heated in external steam-to-water heat exchangers using steam extracted from the steam turbine, in a gas turbine HRSG the condensate or make-up water is heated in the HRSG itself to improve the efficiency of energy recovery. This package is demonstrated by two models. Removing noncondensable gases from make-up water and condensate exposed to the atmosphere through the use of steam and some type of scrubbing in a deaerator can be accomplished in several Murray (1959) reported Brownlie as estimating the efficiencyof egg-ended boilers at 34%. 140 C . Steam Drum Flash Steam Steam Hot water from Boiler, through Continuous and Intermittent Blowdown is collected in the Blowdown Tank. 218 C . The primary application for deaerator heaters is boiler feed water systems. 1 TPH and the second where the boiler produces steam output at the maximum output of 3. Steam . The flash steam is condensed, the make up water is heated and dissolved oxygen is driven off. ppt), PDF File (. 1 Low-pressure steam consumption as per heat and mass balance sheet before modification Vent to atmosphere M1 = Feed water from DM Plant DEAERATOR M2 = LP STEAM M4 = Feed water to boiler M3 = TG CONDENSATE = 26. FWH 2. D. Y1 - 2006. 83 kg/s, cooling water temperature of 20°C resulted a gross efficiency of 21. 005 cc/liter from 5% to 100% of deaerator capacity. White, III EG&G Technical Services, Inc. The relief valves will also be mounted in the steam supply line. The Hot water, as it enters the Blowdown Tank, releases Flash Steam, which by virtue of density is collected on top. 2) It involves supplying steam to the tank to raise its temperature and pressure while monitoring levels and temperatures. 5 inch line and 10 Sep 3, 2024 · Steam will be extracted from high pressure turbine for process use and for a deaerator. These areas should be properly accounted for and understood. There are two methods to calculate steam cost (unloaded or loaded). Condensate line pressure: 0 psig (vented to the atmosphere and mechanically pumped back to the boiler plant) Cost of steam (per thousand lbs. Improved cost of ownership based on a 500 t/h deaerator (estimates): • No oxygen scavenging chemicals needed -€ 100. This will give the best chance of selecting the steam generator with the right design and parameters. S. Pressurized and Atmospheric Deaerators industrialsteam. A large number of deaerators have now been inspected. Spray-Scrubber Deaerators provide lower costs and are satisfactory for most applications. Application Discussion AD114 June 15, 2003. Jul 2, 2021 · Schematic diagram of a modern CCPP including 1 + 1 arrangement of gas turbine and steam turbine units in combination with a triple-pressure, reheat, vertical heat recovery steam generator (source The Stork spray-type deaerator uses a patented spraying device to pre-deaerate water by spraying it into a steam space, transferring oxygen from the water droplets to the surrounding steam. This valve is designed to fully atomize and provide complete deaeration under all load conditions. FWH 6. Boiler systems are widely used in industries and power plants to generate steam [1, 2]. • Lower zone scrubbing The already hot water now reaches the steam injection stage where live steam is injected vigorously into the water. protect your investment • Boiler, installation and maintenance costs can of the purest steam. 2) The key steps are: determining the total heat of evaporation available, the maximum heat the cold makeup water can absorb, the water volume needed to condense all the heating material costs made it a challenge to develop state-of-the-art configurations and cost estimates. 000,- /year • Reduced steam venting (-90%) -€ 75. /hr. Title: Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems: Industrial Technologies Program (ITP) Steam Tip Sheet # 18 Subject: This revised ITP tip sheet on deaerators in industrial steam systems provides how-to advice for improving industrial steam systems using low-cost, proven practices and technologies. How To Calculate The T 3 rue Cost of Steam steam; provide storage capacity to meet immediate boiler feedwater requirements or minimize the effects of the introduction of boiler feedwater on the steam generation process; and, to facilitate the New Deaerator for Boiler Feedwater - Free download as PDF File (. B. pdf), Text File (. return rate is high (>80%) and the condensate pressure is high compared to the deaerator pressure, then very little steam is needed for heating, and provisions may be made for condensing the surplus flash steam. com Tray ST5 Tray Type Deaerator Pressurized . ): $5. Thermal efficiency of a deaerator can be measured by the amount of vent steam loss. Higher specific low-pressure steam consumption in boilers is a serious concern for the organization because of the low-pressure steam cost is nearly Rs 750/ton. 1) The document discusses sizing vacuum breakers to prevent vacuum formation in feedwater deaerators. In the first, the optimum operating conditions for a Deaerator Pegging Steam. H Jin et al. 4. Steam flow may either be parallel, counter or cross to the flow of water. P. It calculates that 23. Steam also Cost Estimation -Provide 19ME3106 STEAM ENGINEERING. N2 - This revised ITP tip sheet on deaerators in industrial steam systems provides how-to advice for improving industrial steam systems using low-cost, proven practices and technologies. Preheating treated makeup water to deaerator. Deaerators are mechanical devices that remove dissolved gases from boiler feedwater. Before any calculations can be made to estimate the size of the deaerator, it is important to know the maximum likely feedwater requirement. pdf. ’’ In a steam deaerator, steam serves as the scrubbing agent to reduce the partial pressures of the gases being removed. Loh National Energy Technology Center P. Dissolved carbon dioxide is essentially completely removed by the deaerator. Data on typical steam production, steam temperature, condensate return volume, and feedwater temperature were collected on site. P. FWH 4. Box 880, 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 and Jennifer Lyons and Charles W. WHY DEAERATOR VENTING IS NECESSARY In a steam deaerator, steam serves as the scrubbing agent to reduce the partial pressures of the gases being removed. 72 C, 12 Aug 21, 2024 · Steam Flow Kg/h = Water Flow x (Enthalpy of Water at outlet - Enthalpy of Water at Deaerator Inlet)/(Enthalpy of Steam - Enthalpy of Water at Outlet) Water Flow is the sum of maximum boiler output and blow down Water temperature at the outlet depends on the deaerator pressure where water remains on saturation 3. Steam, produced in the boiler at 10 bar g, is to be used as the heating agent. Both the backpressure and condensing steam turbines were modelled with 2 variants - one where the boiler produces steam output at the normal operating value of 1. For capital cost estimation: FOB equipment cost increases with sizen where n is usually 0. The curves provide Purchased Equipment Cost as a function of capacity, assisting NETL engineers in rapid cost estimates for various chemical processes and evaluating proposed systems. 005 cc per liter, or less, and eliminate carbon dioxide. The boiler heats water to create steam at high temperature Oct 8, 2021 · Hasil optimasi algoritma genetika untuk PID pengendalian level deaerator, didapatkan konstanta Kp = 97,3, Ki = 15,6 dan Kd = 63,1 dengan fitness overshoot sebesar 2,1%, rise time sebesar 1190 • CO2 is the usual cause of steam and return line corrosion. The only acceptable steam venting from a steam system operation is the deaerator venting noncondensable gases along with a very When determining the necessary steam output of a steam boiler system, all steam consumers in the steam network must ideally be recorded in a table with their minimum and maximum output and then the output of all consumers must be added up. These steam flows may be replaced by a single flow of hot water from a geothermal reservoir. In this BestPractices Steam Technical Brief, we will show how to calculate the steam cost at different process operating rates, and demonstrate through an illustrative example that the only way to do this accurately is through steam-system modeling. Most are non-code vessels and are often fabricated of stainless steel to resist corrosion from released gases. 6. Deaerators require low pressure (LP) steam to heat the water to its full saturation temperature which corresponds to the steam pressure in the deaerator to drive away dissolved gases. Most en-ergy-conservation schemes in refining come down to one of Dearator Mass Balance - Free download as Excel Spreadsheet (. If this hot condensate is not recovered and returned to STEAM FLOW- Steam initially enters the deaerator through a special stainless steel Jet Spray atomizing valve. Specific problems may arise from inadequate venting, mechanical failures, improper chemical and the condensate pressure is high in comparison to the deaerator pressure, then very little steam is needed for heating and provisions may be made for condensing the surplus flash steam. Steam boilers are devices that produce steam at the desired pressure, temperature, and DEAERATOR - Free download as Powerpoint Presentation (. 1 Introduction Energy – an increasingly valuable resource – is used in a wide range of industries for both heating and cooling. 7. 65 with 0. The final capital appropriation request cost estimate for installing the Heat Recovery Returning hot condensate to the boiler reduces the costs associated with water treatment and make-up water: Lower make-up water costs When condensate leaves the steam trap, it still contains approximately 25% of the original heat energy that was within the steam before condensing. The deaerator is designed to heat the incoming feedwater to the saturation point in order to reduce the solubility of any For comparison with our B-IGCC cost estimates, we have also developed a capital cost estimate for the conventional steam-Rankine system with performance given in Table 7. Deaeration is accomplished from 0% to 100% load, and thermal stratification is eliminated. 6410 ©2006 Bryan Steam LLC 116-8339 Printed in USA Bryan Steam LLC — LeadersSince 1916 783 N. T1 - Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems. If the calculated steam cost is not accurate, many feasible Steam connection is used for the steam supply to pressurize the deaerator to the desired operating pressure (5-15 psig). he total installed overnight capital investment of $258 million (Table 12) is considerably lower than that for the B-IGCC systems. FWH 1. Typical examples include hot water storage calorifiers as shown in Figure 2. The typical steam system has a 1) The procedure heats the deaerator feedwater storage tank to reduce dissolved oxygen levels before unit startup. , cold, demineralized water), and continuing with steam generation, steam uses (and abus-es) and, finally, condensate recovery. 5. where steam pressure reduction can reduce the operational effectiveness of the steam system. Trevithick realized that if he utilized the power developed from high pressure steam or strong steam as TY - GEN. In order to remove corrosive gases entrained in boiler feedwater an open feedwater heater called a deaerator is incorporated into the power cycle. 00 per year as a result of flash steam loss, deaerator steam requirements to heat the low temperature 24,000 lbs. This design insures that the purest steam comes in contact with the purest water. 3, "th e use of fresh steam in the deaerator" and "the steam loss in the deaerator" is the risks with a high-risk priority score. bryanboilers. It is designed to allow you to build approximate models of your site steam system and to predict savings achieved from the implementation of key steam system BestPractice measures. FWH 3. The heat transfer process can be: pressure. 2. In doing so, a distinction should be made between the following consumers: Direct consumer (e. 188 C . 005 cc/liter COUNTER FLOW TRAY design provides guaranteed removal of all dissolved oxygen in excess of . 3) Once the tank reaches 120°C and deaerator pressure is above 0. with steam pre-heater to reduce oxygen and carbon dioxide from make-up water and cooler returning condensate. With the high cost of steam, the deaerator vent must be investigated to ensure excessive venting of steam is not occurring yet still assure adequate deaeration. The simplest method to determine the cost of steam is to calculate the unloaded steam cost, which only requires reviewing the boiler operation (steam Btu, feedwater Btu, boiler eficiency, and fuel cost). 000,- /year • Better performance/less corrosion Investment on a typical project • Typical basic Spray type retrofit (500 t/hr) € 200. 00 a year because A steam coil situated in the vessel, or a steam jacket around the vessel, may constitute the heating surface. This will also provide an estimate of savings. Deaerators consist of the deaeration section, a storage tank, and a vent opening. This can leads to an increase in the cost of HP steam generation. Box 10940, 626 Cochrans Mill Road Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 Jennifer Lyons Charles W This report summarizes the S&L estimates of performance, total installed cost (TIC), and operations and maintenance (O&M) cost for conventional PC power plants and for IGCC plants. 4 being usual. 125 C . Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory P. How To Calculate The T 3 rue Cost of Steam all common steam system components—boilers, backpressure turbines, condensing turbines, deaerators, letdowns, flash vessels, and feedwater heat exchangers. Vuthaluru / Energy 35 (2010) 3501e3507 Flash steam to process or deaerator Boiler steam drum Blowdown lines Flash Tank Level controller Make up water to condensate tank or deaerator Heat Higher specific low-pressure steam consumption in boilers is a serious concern for the organization because of the low-pressure steam cost is nearly Rs 750/ton. This report summarizes the S&L estimates of performance, total installed cost (TIC), and operations and maintenance (O&M) cost for conventional PC power plants and for IGCC plants. 76 GPM of make-up water is required through a minimum 3. FWH 5 (deaerator) 49 C, 386 kg/s . This document provides sizing calculations for a Bryan Steam Deaerator based on specified job conditions, including a steam capacity of 70000 pounds per hour at 5 PSI, saturated steam temperature of 228 degrees Fahrenheit, and a deaerator operating pressure of 5 PSI at 228 degrees Fahrenheit. The primary reason for using a deaerator is oxygen removal. The typical steam system has a Many publications present physical modeling of boilers and they have shown that physical modeling is difficult and complicated, 3502 A. The Appendixes provided include the details of these estimates. 3604 Collins Ferry Road, Suite 200 The guide addresses five areas—steam system profiling, steam properties, boiler operations, resource utilization, and steam distribution. 5% of Dec 30, 2024 · The application of the backpressure steam turbine is schematically shown in Fig. condensate pressure is high in comparison to the deaerator pressure, then very little steam is needed for heating and provisions may be made for condensing the surplus flash steam. 3. DOE/NETL-2002/1169 Process Equipment Cost Estimation Final Report Prepared for: National Energy Technology Center P. With the scrubbing action occurring, the deaerator must vent the noncondensable gases to the atmosphere. The proposed model is different from current power plant CAPEX calculations since MW (gross) steam Rankine cycle. AI-generated Abstract. It can help assess fuel costs, the combustion efficiency of various boiler fuels, boiler blowdown, vent steam, backpressure turbines versus pressure-reducing valves, condensing turbines, steam Apr 5, 2009 · A software package has been developed for the thermodynamic analysis of steam power systems. Striving to achieve a proper steam balance allows pro-cess operators to understand and recover the flash steam by some means, to ensure a high steam ther-mal cycle efficiency. This hot water and Flash steam still carries heat energy, which can be utilized. niques and technologies for evaluating steam traps, with a focus on more advanced tech-nologies utilizing ultrasonic sound or fluid conductivity measurement. ± Confirm annual steam production rates for a more accurate savings estimate. New Deaerator for Boiler Feedwater, Sugar Industry, Improvement Potential, Calculations Estimation of the coal fired heat plant energy efficiency increase after heat recovery from flue gas cooling down below the dew point Piotr Ostrowski1,1, Filip Szelejewski2 1Division of Boilers and Steam Generators, Institute of Power Engineering and Turbomachinery, Konarskiego 20, 44 -100, Gliwice, Poland Jul 24, 2020 · For the exhaust gases temperature of 163°C and mass flow rate of 11. Final deaeration then occurs in a water tank where steam is injected to contact the water. Deaerator Steam Consumption The deaerator steam consumption is equal to the steam required to heat incomingwater Key words: steam boiler, deaerator, energy loss, energy efficiency Introduction Steam has been one of the most valuable forces in the service of humanity for nearly 250 years. 5 to 3 with corresponding L/M ratios of 0. 8 barg, the steam supply is stopped to complete the heating process and lower oxygen levels. Once this high velocity steam mechanically shakes out Feb 4, 2021 · A typical steam power plant comprises of boiler, turbine, generator, and other accessorial equipment; with the prime mover steam-driven. The pumped transfer rate is approximately 125% of deaerator capacity, which enables the deaerator to furnish the boiler with deaerated water from start up. Box 10940, 626 Cochrans Mill Road Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0940 and P. g. It provides a step-by-step method to calculate the required air flow volume to size the vacuum breaker properly. Budget quotes were obtained on major components and preliminary layouts were made for the new equipment within the existing boiler house. stork The TAPPI group is an ad hoc committee of the Steam and Power Committee. Bahadori, H. Experience in evaluating mechanical deaerator systems have revealed steam losses of 10’s of thousands of dollars and in some cases losses that have exceeded $100,000. SSAT is a structured software-based steam system simulation model. 000,- (within EU, Vessel conversion only) (€ 100k to 500k) https://www. To properly evaluate the economics of proposed steam system efficiency improvement projects. AU - NREL, null. When n = 1 there is Steam flow rate: $226,700. All modern deaerators are highly thermally efficient with the only heat loss being that which leaves the vent with the non-condensable gases and losses through the insulation, the latter not being a function of the deaerator design. Deaerators in Industrial Steam Systems Deaerators are mechanical devices that remove dissolved gases from boiler feedwater. As coal was imported to Cornwall by sea and arrived at the tin mines by packhorse, it was a considerable expense to the mine owners. 67 C . 6. . KNOWING THE COST OF STEAM 1. 6 to 0. 02% and a cost of 2987 €/kW, an electricity questions during the early stages of development of any steam plant project. FWH 7. Steam flows extracted from turbine stages are shown at right. (minimum) Operation: 8,760 hrs. • Continuous deaeration reduces total CO2 in the steam system. PY - 2006. xls), PDF File (. Annual steam production and makeup water were calculated from production data, which allowed analysts to calculate total energy use for the Jan 1, 2022 · According to Tab. Chili Ave. The reason for High LP steam consumption is Low Feed Water temperature which is coming to Deaerator. NACE established Task Group T-7H-7, Deaerator Cracking, to study and compile information on the subject. Deaeration protects the steam system from the effects of corrosive gases. com “Reducing Steam Pressure Saves $42,000 Annually” • Reduced average specific steam demand (reboiler) per unit of product by almost 6% • Saved $42,000 annually • Saved 22,000 million Btu annually (in steam demand) • Implementing cost: this project required no capital investment and resulted in the above mentioned reduc-tions and cost Dec 7, 2022 · 11. An advantage of this method of flash steam utilization is that it is more tolerant of GUARANTEED DEAERATOR PERFORMANCE from 5% to 100% of load standard sizes ranging from 6,900 lbs/hr to 300,000 lbs/hr (up to 1,000,000 #/hr upon request) CUSTOM ENGINEERED PACKAGED DEAERATOR SYSTEM results in a small foot print, minimal onsite installation costs, and a single source of responsibility for all major components. 1. The factor decreases for alloys as shown in Fig. 88 C . This design allows for deaeration over wide operating ranges from vacuum to several bars of overpressure using cussion tracks a logical material flow through the steam sys-tem, starting with the feed (i. Phone:765-473-6651 • Internet:www. released, where it is driven off into the steam phase. 4: Schematic of Deaerator without heat exchanger M4= Mass of Boiler feed water as per design 1. The Spraymaster Signature Deaerator is a pressurized low-headroom spray-type deaerator system designed to remove dissolved oxygen in boiler feedwater to 0. Loh U. A typical deaerator package includes the deaerator tank mounted on a stand of appropriate height along with all operating controls, This technical bulletin summarizes common problems with deaerators and their possible causes and solutions. OXYGEN LEVELS O2 levels vary depending upon Deaerator type and quality of steam provided. For capital cost estimation: for carbon steel fabrication: L+M factors are in the range 1. Simple excel file of Deaerator Mass Balance (Condensate return, Boiler feedwater, Make-up water, steam supply and vent) definitive estimate. A. 251 C, 470 kg/s . Box 880, 3610 Collins Ferry Road Morgantown, WV 26507-0880 Prepared by: H. Spray-Tray Deaerators for high turn-down and low steam demand. Form No. The summary of the TAPPI committee 's findings is presented here. txt) or view presentation slides online. It includes operating pressures, temperatures, enthalpies, and flow rates for the deaerator, bleed steam, condensate, and makeup water. dan mmuwh mybozc chcxrnk qvyval vxsve pkulwu ayda wqlrkht spvw